Immunoassays are biochemical tests that measure the attendance or concentration of a macromolecule or a small molecule in a answer through the use of an antibody (usually) or an antigen (sometimes). The molecule detected by the immunochemical assay is often referred to as an "analyte" & is in many cases a protein, although it whitethorn be other kinds of particles, of different sizes and types, as long as the good antibodies that take the required properties for the examine are developed. Analytes in biological liquids such as serum or urine are regularly measured using immunochemical assay for medical & research purposes.
Here are some of the most common types of immunoassays:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): This is the most
widely used type of immunoassay. It is a sensitive and specific method for
detecting and quantifying a wide range of analytes.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA): This is a more sensitive type of
immunoassay than ELISA, but it is also more complex and expensive.
Fluorometric immunoassay (FIA): This is a type of
immunoassay that uses fluorescence to detect and quantify analytes. It is less
sensitive than ELISA or RIA, but it is faster and easier to perform.
Immunoassays are used in a wide variety of applications,
including:
Clinical diagnostics: Immunoassays are used to diagnose a
wide range of diseases, including HIV, hepatitis, and cancer.
Therapeutic drug monitoring: Immunoassays are used to
monitor the levels of drugs in the blood to ensure that they are within the
therapeutic range.
Environmental monitoring: Immunoassays are used to detect
and quantify pollutants in the environment.
Food safety: Immunoassays are used to detect and quantify
foodborne pathogens.
Immunoassays are a powerful tool for detecting and
quantifying a wide range of analytes. They are used in a variety of
applications, including clinical diagnostics, therapeutic drug monitoring,
environmental monitoring, and food safety.
Here are some examples of immunoassays:
Home pregnancy tests: These tests use immunoassays to detect
the attendance of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine. hCG is a hormone
that is shaped by the placenta during pregnancy.
Blood tests for HIV: These tests use immunoassays to detect
the attendance of HIV antibodies in the blood. HIV antibodies are shaped by the
body in response to infection with HIV.
Drug tests: These tests use immunoassays to detect the attendance
of drugs in the blood or urine.
Environmental tests: These tests use immunoassays to detect
the presence of pollutants in the environment.
Immunoassays are a valuable tool for a variety of
applications. They are relatively simple to perform, and they are highly
sensitive and specific. As a result, they are widely used in clinical
diagnostics, therapeutic drug monitoring, environmental monitoring, and food
safety.
What are the 5 types of immunoassay?
Here are 5 types of immunoassays:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): This is the most
widely used type of immunoassay. It is a sensitive and specific method for
detecting and quantifying a wide range of analytes.
Radioimmunoassay (RIA): This is a more sensitive type of
immunoassay than ELISA, but it is also more complex and expensive.
Fluorometric immunoassay (FIA): This is a type of
immunoassay that uses fluorescence to detect and quantify analytes. It is less
sensitive than ELISA or RIA, but it is faster and easier to perform.
Chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA): This is a type of
immunoassay that uses chemiluminescence to detect and quantify analytes. It is
similar to FIA, but it is more sensitive.
Immunochromatographic assay (ICA): This is a type of
immunoassay that uses a strip of paper or plastic to detect and quantify
analytes. It is the simplest and least expensive type of immunoassay, but it is
also the least sensitive.
As you can see, there is a trade-off between sensitivity and
specificity in immunoassays. The more sensitive an immunoassay is, the less
specific it will be. And the more specific an immunoassay is, the less
sensitive it will be.
The choice of which type of immunoassay to use will depend
on the specific application. For example, if you need to detect a very low
level of an analyte, then you will need to use a very sensitive immunoassay,
such as RIA. However, if you need to ensure that the results of your assay are
highly specific, then you will need to use a less sensitive immunoassay, such
as ELISA.
Here is an example of an immunoassay:
Home pregnancy tests use immunoassays to detect the attendance
of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine. hCG is a hormone that is shaped
by the placenta during pregnancy.
The test works by coating a plastic strip with antibodies
that are specific for hCG. When urine is added to the strip, any hCG that is
present will bind to the antibodies. A second antibody, which is linked to an
enzyme, is then added to the strip. If hCG is present, the second antibody will
bind to the hCG-antibody complex and the enzyme will be activated. This will
cause a color change to occur in the strip, which indicates that the test is
positive.
Home pregnancy tests are a convenient and easy way to test
for pregnancy. They are also relatively inexpensive and can be purchased
over-the-counter. However, it is important to note that home pregnancy tests
are not 100% accurate. If you are concerned about your pregnancy, you should
see a doctor for a more accurate test.
Here are some other examples of immunoassays:
Blood tests for HIV: These tests use immunoassays to detect
the attendance of HIV antibodies in the blood. HIV antibodies are produced by
the body in reply to infection with HIV.
Drug tests: These tests use immunoassays to detect the attendance
of drugs in the blood or urine.
Environmental tests: These tests use immunoassays to detect
the presence of pollutants in the environment.
Immunoassays are a valuable tool for a variety of
applications. They are relatively simple to perform, and they are highly
sensitive and specific. As a result, they are widely used in clinical
diagnostics, therapeutic drug monitoring, environmental monitoring, and food
safety.
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